NumPy is the library that gives Python its ability to work with data at speed. Originally, launched in 1995 as ‘Numeric,’ NumPy is the foundation on which many important Python data science libraries are built, including Pandas, SciPy and scikit-learn.
It’s common when first learning NumPy to have trouble remembering all the functions and methods that you need, and while at Dataquest we advocate getting used to consulting the NumPy documentation, sometimes it’s nice to have a handy reference, so we’ve put together this cheat sheet to help you out!
If you’re interested in learning NumPy, you can consult our NumPy tutorial blog post, or you can signup for free and start learning NumPy through our interactive Python data science course.
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Key and Imports
In this cheat sheet, we use the following shorthand:
arr | A NumPy Array object
You’ll also need to import numpy to get started:
import numpy as npImporting/exporting
np.loadtxt('file.txt') | From a text file
np.genfromtxt('file.csv',delimiter=',') | From a CSV file
np.savetxt('file.txt',arr,delimiter=' ') | Writes to a text file
np.savetxt('file.csv',arr,delimiter=',') | Writes to a CSV file
Creating Arrays
np.array([1,2,3]) | One dimensional array
np.array([(1,2,3),(4,5,6)]) | Two dimensional array
np.zeros(3) | 1D array of length 3 all values 0
np.ones((3,4)) | 3x4 array with all values 1
np.eye(5) | 5x5 array of 0 with 1 on diagonal (Identity matrix)
np.linspace(0,100,6) | Array of 6 evenly divided values from 0 to 100
np.arange(0,10,3) | Array of values from 0 to less than 10 with step 3 (eg [0,3,6,9])
np.full((2,3),8) | 2x3 array with all values 8
np.random.rand(4,5) | 4x5 array of random floats between 0–1
np.random.rand(6,7)*100 | 6x7 array of random floats between 0–100
np.random.randint(5,size=(2,3)) | 2x3 array with random ints between 0–4
Inspecting Properties
arr.size | Returns number of elements in arr
arr.shape | Returns dimensions of arr (rows,columns)
arr.dtype | Returns type of elements in arr
arr.astype(dtype) | Convert arr elements to type dtype
arr.tolist() | Convert arr to a Python list
np.info(np.eye) | View documentation for np.eye
Copying/sorting/reshaping
np.copy(arr) | Copies arr to new memory
arr.view(dtype) | Creates view of arr elements with type dtype
arr.sort() | Sorts arr
arr.sort(axis=0) | Sorts specific axis of arr
two_d_arr.flatten() | Flattens 2D array two_d_arr to 1D
arr.T | Transposes arr (rows become columns and vice versa)
arr.reshape(3,4) | Reshapes arr to 3 rows, 4 columns without changing data
arr.resize((5,6)) | Changes arr shape to 5x6 and fills new values with 0
Adding/removing Elements
np.append(arr,values) | Appends values to end of arr
np.insert(arr,2,values) | Inserts values into arr before index 2
np.delete(arr,3,axis=0) | Deletes row on index 3 of arr
np.delete(arr,4,axis=1) | Deletes column on index 4 of arr
Combining/splitting
np.concatenate((arr1,arr2),axis=0) | Adds arr2 as rows to the end of arr1
np.concatenate((arr1,arr2),axis=1) | Adds arr2 as columns to end of arr1
np.split(arr,3) | Splits arr into 3 sub-arrays
np.hsplit(arr,5) | Splits arr horizontally on the 5th index
Indexing/slicing/subsetting
arr[5] | Returns the element at index 5
arr[2,5] | Returns the 2D array element on index [2][5]
arr[1]=4 | Assigns array element on index 1 the value 4
arr[1,3]=10 | Assigns array element on index [1][3] the value 10
arr[0:3] | Returns the elements at indices 0,1,2 (On a 2D array: returns rows 0,1,2)
arr[0:3,4] | Returns the elements on rows 0,1,2 at column 4
arr[:2] | Returns the elements at indices 0,1 (On a 2D array: returns rows 0,1)
arr[:,1] | Returns the elements at index 1 on all rows
arr<5 | Returns an array with boolean values
(arr1<3) & (arr2>5) | Returns an array with boolean values
~arr | Inverts a boolean array
arr[arr<5] | Returns array elements smaller than 5
Scalar Math
np.add(arr,1) | Add 1 to each array element
np.subtract(arr,2) | Subtract 2 from each array element
np.multiply(arr,3) | Multiply each array element by 3
np.divide(arr,4) | Divide each array element by 4 (returns np.nan for division by zero)
np.power(arr,5) | Raise each array element to the 5th power
Vector Math
np.add(arr1,arr2) | Elementwise add arr2 to arr1
np.subtract(arr1,arr2) | Elementwise subtract arr2 from arr1
np.multiply(arr1,arr2) | Elementwise multiply arr1 by arr2
np.divide(arr1,arr2) | Elementwise divide arr1 by arr2
np.power(arr1,arr2) | Elementwise raise arr1 raised to the power of arr2
np.array_equal(arr1,arr2) | Returns True if the arrays have the same elements and shape
np.sqrt(arr) | Square root of each element in the array
np.sin(arr) | Sine of each element in the array
np.log(arr) | Natural log of each element in the array
np.abs(arr) | Absolute value of each element in the array
np.ceil(arr) | Rounds up to the nearest int
np.floor(arr) | Rounds down to the nearest int
np.round(arr) | Rounds to the nearest int
Statistics
np.mean(arr,axis=0) | Returns mean along specific axis
arr.sum() | Returns sum of arr
arr.min() | Returns minimum value of arr
arr.max(axis=0) | Returns maximum value of specific axis
np.var(arr) | Returns the variance of array
np.std(arr,axis=1) | Returns the standard deviation of specific axis
arr.corrcoef() | Returns correlation coefficient of array
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Data Scientist at Dataquest.io. Loves Data and Aussie Rules Football. Australian living in Texas.